Description of Copper

Copper is a trace element necessary for several vital physiological functions, including energy production, connective tissue synthesis, and immune system support. It is a cofactor for many enzymes involved in these processes. The most significant copper transport protein in the body is ceruloplasmin, which carries over 95% of copper in the blood. Learn more about copper here.

Clinical Pharmacology of Copper

Copper is absorbed and stored in the liver, where it is bound to metallothionein. It is distributed via ceruloplasmin to various tissues, where it acts as a cofactor for enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and cytochrome-C-oxidase. Copper also plays a role in iron metabolism and helps prevent the buildup of harmful reactive oxygen species in cells.

Mechanism of Action

Copper plays a critical role in catalyzing biochemical reactions essential for energy production and redox balance. It helps regulate iron metabolism and is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Copper is also important in cancer research, where its role in promoting angiogenesis and tumor progression is being studied. The use of copper-chelating agents, like tetrathiomolybdate, has been explored for their potential to treat certain cancers by reducing copper availability in the body.

Indications for Copper IV Drip Infusion

Copper is a vital element in maintaining serum levels during Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). It supports numerous physiological functions, including immune health and connective tissue formation. In IV drip and IV infusion drip therapy, copper supplementation can help prevent deficiencies that lead to symptoms like anemia, neutropenia, and bone abnormalities.

Contraindications and Precautions

Individuals with severe liver disease, Wilson’s disease, or zinc deficiency should avoid copper supplementation. Multi-dose preparations containing benzyl alcohol are contraindicated for neonates. Care should also be taken to monitor zinc levels during copper supplementation, as it can reduce plasma zinc concentrations.

Adverse Reactions

High levels of copper can lead to liver damage and gastrointestinal distress, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Chronic exposure may result in severe liver toxicity. Copper overdose symptoms include behavioral changes, kidney failure, and potential death.

Dosage and Administration

Copper supplementation is often included in multivitamin or mineral protocols. Therapeutic dosages range from 200 mcg to 5,000 mcg daily, with copper sulfate typically supplied at 0.4 mg/mL concentrations. In an IV infusion drip, 1-2 mL of copper sulfate is administered as part of a larger solution. Learn more about IV infusion therapy.