Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, functions as a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and as part of the acyl carrier protein for fatty acid synthetase. Therefore, vitamin B5 is essential for the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates and fatty acids, as well as the production of steroid hormones and hemoglobin.
Clinical Pharmacology:
Dexpanthenol is the alcohol form of pantothenic acid, which is absorbed in the intestines and hydrolyzed into coenzyme A. CoA is a cofactor in various enzyme-catalyzed reactions that transfer acetyl groups. Most pantothenic acid in tissues exists as CoA, with smaller amounts found as acyl carrier proteins or in its free form. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine, produced from acetylcoenzyme A, plays a crucial role in the parasympathetic system. Low acetylcholine levels may reduce peristalsis and lead to adynamic ileus in severe cases.
Indications and Usage:
Vitamin B5 is helpful in the treatment of depression, insomnia, heart disease, weakened immunity, fatigue, nervous system disorders, low cholesterol, and decreased potassium levels. Prophylactic use of vitamin B5 after major abdominal surgery can reduce the risk of paralytic ileus.
Contraindications:
Normal physiological doses of vitamin B5 are generally safe. However, pharmacological doses (2500-3000 mg) may extend the effects of succinylcholine. Avoid use in hemophiliacs or patients with ileus caused by mechanical obstruction.
Warnings & Precautions:
No significant interactions are known, but rare allergic reactions have been reported during the concomitant use of parenteral dexpanthenol with antibiotics, opiates, and barbiturates.
Adverse Reactions:
No adverse effects are associated with normal doses of pantothenic acid. In rare cases, pharmacological doses can cause allergic reactions, including itching, tingling, breathing difficulties, urticaria, erythema, and generalized dermatitis.
Overdosage:
There are no reports of pantothenic acid toxicity in humans, even at high intake levels.